California Insurance Code 12389-12389.6
12389. (a) An underwritten title company as defined in Section 12340.5, which shall be a stock corporation, may engage in the business of preparing title searches, title reports, title examinations, certificates or abstracts of title, upon the basis of which a title insurer writes title policies, provided that: (1) Only domestic corporations may be licensed under this section and no underwritten title company, as defined in Section 12340.5, shall become licensed under this section, or change the name under which it is licensed or operates, unless it has first complied with Section 881. (2) Depending upon the county or counties in which the company is licensed to transact business, it shall maintain required minimum net worth as follows: Aggregate number of documents recorded and documents filed in the offices of the county recorders in the preceding calendar year in all counties where the company is licensed to transact business. Amount of required Number of documents minimum net worth Less than 50,000 ............... $ 75,000 50,000 to 100,000 .............. 120,000 100,000 to 500,000 ............. 200,000 500,000 to 1,000,000 ........... 300,000 1,000,000 or more .............. 400,000 "Net worth" is defined as the excess of assets over all liabilities and required reserves. It may carry as an asset the actual cost of its title plant provided the value ascribed to that asset shall not exceed the aggregate value of all other assets. Where a title plant of an underwritten title company is not being currently maintained, the asset value of the plant shall not exceed its asset value as determined in the preceding paragraph as of the date to which that plant is currently maintained, less 1/10th thereof for each succeeding year or part of the succeeding year that the plant is not being currently maintained. For the purposes of this section, a title plant shall be deemed currently maintained so long as it is used in the normal conduct of the business of title insurance, and (1) the owner of the plant continues regularly to obtain and index title record data to the plant or to a continuation thereof in a format other than that previously used, including, but not limited to, computerization of the data, or (2) the owner of the plant is a participant, in an arrangement for joint use of a title plant system regularly maintained in any format, provided the owner is contractually entitled to receive a copy of the title record data contained in the jointly used title plant system during the period of the owner's participation therein, either periodically or upon termination of that participation, at a cost not to exceed the actual cost of duplication of the title record data. An underwritten title company at all times shall maintain current assets of at least ten thousand dollars ($10,000) in excess of its current liabilities, as current assets and liabilities may be defined pursuant to regulations made by the commissioner. In making the regulations, the commissioner shall be guided by generally accepted accounting principles followed by certified public accountants in this state. (3) An underwritten title company shall obtain from the commissioner a license to transact its business. The license shall not be granted until the applicant conforms to the requirements of this section and all other provisions of this code specifically applicable to applicant. After issuance the holder shall continue to comply with the requirements as to its business set forth in this code, in the applicable rules and regulations of the commissioner and in the laws of this state. Any underwritten title company who possesses, or is required to possess, a license pursuant to this section shall be subject as if an insurer to the provisions of Article 8 (commencing with Section 820) of Chapter 1 of Part 2 of Division 1 of this code and shall be deemed to be subject to authorization by the Insurance Commissioner within the meaning of subdivision (e) of Section 25100 of the Corporations Code. The license may be obtained by filing an application on a form prescribed by the commissioner accompanied by a filing fee of three hundred fifty-four dollars ($354). The license when issued shall be for an indefinite term and shall expire with the termination of the existence of the holder, subject to the annual renewal fee imposed under Sections 12415 and 12416. An underwritten title company seeking to extend its license to an additional county shall pay a two hundred seven dollar ($207) fee for each additional county, and shall furnish to the commissioner evidence, at least sufficient to meet the minimum net worth requirements of paragraph (2), of its financial ability to expand its business operation to include the additional county or counties. (4) (A) An underwritten title company shall furnish an audit to the commissioner on the forms provided by the commissioner annually, either on a calendar year basis on or before March 31st or, if approved in writing by the commissioner in respect to any individual company, on a fiscal year basis on or before 90 days after the end of the fiscal year. The time for furnishing any audit required by this paragraph may be extended, for good cause shown, on written approval of the commissioner for a period, not to exceed 60 days. Failure to submit an audit on time, or within the extended time that the commissioner may grant, shall be grounds for an order by the commissioner to accept no new business pursuant to subdivision (d). The audits shall be private, except that a synopsis of the balance sheet on a form prescribed by the commissioner may be made available to the public. (B) The audits shall be made in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards by an independent certified public accountant or independent licensed public accountant whose certification or license is in good standing at the time of the preparation. The fee for filing the audit shall be three hundred thirteen dollars ($313). (C) The commissioner may refuse to accept an audit or order a new audit for any of the following reasons: (i) Adverse result in any proceeding before the California Board of Accountancy affecting the auditor's license. (ii) The auditor has an affiliation with the underwritten title company or any of its officers or directors that would prevent his or her reports on the company from being reasonably objective. (iii) The auditor has suffered conviction of any misdemeanor or felony based on his or her activities as an accountant. (iv) Judgment adverse to the auditor in any civil action finding him or her guilty of fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation in the practice of his or her profession. Any company that fails to file any audit or other report on or before the date it is due shall pay to the commissioner a penalty fee of one hundred eighteen dollars ($118) and on failure to pay that or any other fee or file the audit required by this section shall forfeit the privilege of accepting new business until the delinquency is corrected. (b) An underwritten title company may engage in the escrow business and act as escrow agent provided that: (1) It shall maintain record of all receipts and disbursements of escrow funds. (2) It shall deposit seven thousand five hundred dollars ($7,500) for each county in which it transacts business in some form permitted by Section 12351 with the commissioner who shall immediately make a special deposit of that amount in the State Treasury and that deposit shall be subject to Sections 12353, 12356, 12357, and 12358 and as long as there are no claims against the deposit all interest and dividends thereon shall be paid to the depositor. The deposit shall be for the security and protection of persons having lawful claims against the depositor growing out of escrow transactions with it. The deposit shall be maintained until four years after all escrows handled by the depositor have been closed. (A) The commissioner may release the deposits prior to the passage of the four-year period upon presentation of evidence satisfactory to the commissioner of either a statutory merger of the depositor into a licensee or certificate holder subject to the jurisdiction of the commissioner, or a valid assumption agreement under which all liability of the depositor stemming from escrow transactions handled by it is assumed by a licensee or certificate holder subject to the jurisdiction of the commissioner. (B) With the foregoing exceptions, the deposit shall be returned to the depositor or lawful successor in interest following the four-year period, upon presentation of evidence satisfactory to the commissioner that there are no claims against the deposit stemming from escrow transactions handled by the depositor. If the commissioner has evidence of one or more claims against the depositor, and the depositor is not in conservatorship or liquidation, the commissioner may interplead the deposit by special endorsement to a court of competent jurisdiction for distribution on the basis that claims against the depositor stemming from escrow transactions handled by it have priority in the distribution over other claims against the depositor. (c) The commissioner shall, whenever it appears necessary, examine the business and affairs of a company licensed under this section. All of these examinations shall be at the expense of the company. (d) At any time that the commissioner determines, after notice and hearing, that a company licensed under this section has willfully failed to comply with any of the provisions of this section, the commissioner shall make his or her order prohibiting the company from conducting its business for a period of not more than one year. Any company violating the commissioner's order is subject to seizure under Article 14 (commencing with Section 1010) of Chapter 1 of Part 2 of Division 1, is guilty of a misdemeanor, and may have its license revoked by the commissioner. Any person aiding and abetting any company in a violation of the commissioner's order is guilty of a misdemeanor. The purpose of this section is to maintain the solvency of the companies subject to this section and to protect the public by preventing fraud and requiring fair dealing. In order to carry out these purposes, the commissioner may make reasonable rules and regulations to govern the conduct of its business of companies subject to this section. The name under which each underwritten title company is licensed shall at all times be an approved name. The fee for filing an application for a change of name shall be one hundred eighteen dollars ($118). Each such company shall be subject to the provisions of Article 14 (commencing with Section 1010) and Article 14.5 (commencing with Section 1065.1) of Chapter 1 of Part 2 of Division 1. The rules and regulations shall be adopted, amended or repealed in accordance with the procedure provided in Chapter 3.5 (commencing with Section 11350) of Part 1 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code. 12389.1. Before granting a license or a reissued license to act as an underwritten title company to any applicant, the commissioner shall consider the qualifications of the applicant in respect to the following subjects: (a) minimum net worth and working capital; (b) reasonableness of its plan of operation; (c) lawfulness and quality of investments; (d) financial stability; (e) competency, character, and integrity of management; (f) ownership and control of issued and outstanding shares; (g) fairness and honesty of methods of doing business; (h) method by which the applicant was promoted if any of its promoters remain as stockholders or in management; and (i) hazard to the public. Upon consideration of all relevant qualifications, the commissioner shall issue or reissue a license to act as an underwritten title company to the applicant, unless the commissioner shall have made a finding, or findings, that the applicant is materially deficient in respect to one or more of the items outlined herein. 12389.2. After the issuance or reissuance of a license to act as an underwritten title company, the holder shall continue to comply with the requirements as to its business set forth in Section 12389.1 and in the other applicable sections of this code, and in the other laws of this state. 12389.3. When there exists a restriction in a stock certificate requiring the consent of the department prior to the transfer of the stock, the request for consent to transfer shall be submitted to the department for approval. Requests for consent to transfer stock certificates representing less than 10 percent of the outstanding stock of the company to existing stockholders, the company which issued the stock, or persons who have been employed by the underwritten title company for the preceding 12 months, shall be approved or denied by the department within 60 days of the request for consent to transfer. If no action is taken by the department within 60 days, the request for consent to transfer stock certificates shall be deemed approved. In no event may the 60-day period be extended or waived by the applicant or the department. The time limits set forth in this section shall not apply where the transfer of the stock would result in the transferee, other than the company which issued the stock, owning 10 percent or more of the outstanding stock of the company. 12389.4. An underwritten title company shall furnish a quarterly financial statement to the commissioner on forms prescribed by the commissioner on or before 30 days after each calendar quarter ending March 31, June 30, and September 30. Underwritten title companies that are specifically approved to report on a fiscal year basis shall file a quarterly financial statement 30 days after the end of each fiscal quarter. The commissioner is authorized to require an underwritten title company to provide supplemental accounting and financial information when the commissioner deems it to be necessary. 12389.5. Every person engaged in the business of preparing title searches, title examinations, title reports, and certificates of abstracts of title, upon which a title insurer writes title policies, is required to be licensed as an underwritten title company in compliance with the licensing requirements of this article. 12389.6. (a) Prior to the disbursement by an underwritten title company from any escrow account under Section 12413.1, each underwriting agreement between the underwritten title company and a title insurer shall contain one of the following written procedures reasonably calculated to prevent the misappropriation, disappearance, or wrongful use of funds deposited in the underwritten title company' s escrow or subescrow account: (1) The underwritten title company shall obtain and maintain a fidelity bond or insurance policy, satisfactory to the title insurer agreeing to this option that covers losses caused by misappropriation, disappearance, or other wrongful use of escrow funds deposited with the underwritten title company. The face amount of the fidelity bond or insurance policy shall be at least 10 times the underwritten title company's required minimum net worth under subdivision (a) of Section 12389. The bond or insurance policy shall name as an additional insured, co-insured, or joint-loss payee each of the title insurers agreeing to this option in the underwriting agreement. The bond or policy may not exclude coverage due to acts or omissions of any officer, director, employee, or principal of the underwritten title company. In the event of cancellation or nonrenewal of the bond or policy, a title insurance company named as an additional insured, co-insured, or joint-loss payee shall be given advance written notice by the underwriter of the bond or policy. The underwritten title company shall submit a copy of the bond or policy to the title insurer named as an additional insured, co-insured, or joint-loss payee within 14 days of the effective date of the underwriting agreement. (2) Disbursements of escrow funds shall be reviewed and approved by an employee of the title insurer. Title insurer employees who review and approve disbursements of escrow funds shall be physically located at the place of business of the underwritten title company and shall be on the title insurer's payroll. Before review and approval of any disbursement, the employee shall sign an affidavit to be filed with and on a form approved by the commissioner. The affiant shall attest that the affiant has read, is familiar with, and agrees to comply with the title insurer's approval procedures for disbursements. (3) Account review processes and oversight and internal control guidelines, in electronic or other medium, drafted by a title insurance industry advisory organization, as defined in Section 12340.8, and approved by the commissioner. (4) Written procedures approved by the commissioner that provide for the protection and control of escrow funds in a manner consistent with the purposes of this subdivision. (b) The commissioner shall approve or deny any written procedures submitted to him or her under this section for approval within 60 days of receiving the request. If no action is taken by the commissioner within the 60-day period, the request is deemed approved.
